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Journal of Animal Health and Production
Research Article
Development of Linear Score System for Sahiwal Cows in Pakistan
Musarrat Abbas Khan1*, Muhammad Sajjad Khan2
1Department of Livestock Production and Management, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University Bahawalpur; 2Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Abstract | Conformation is considered important to varying degree in different production indices besides milk. Linear scoring is the most recent method for describing a dairy cow in terms of conformation. The present study was designed with the objectives to develop linear score system for Sahiwal cattle. Body and udder measurements recorded on 310 Sahiwal cows were used for assigning linear score to each trait following the guidelines of International Committee on Animal Recording. The ASReml Version 2.0 was the statistical package used. The linear model included fixed effects of herd, parity, stage of lactation and the age of cow at classification as co-variable. The linear type score (mean±SD) were: stature 5.1±2.0, chest width 4.4±1.53, body depth 4.8±1.92, angularity 5.1±1.1, rump angle 5.2±1.56, rump width 4.7±1.46, rear legs set 4.9±1.71, rear legs rear view 4.3±1.77, foot angle 5.3±1.89, fore udder attachment 4.5±1.77, rear udder height 5.1±1.25, central ligament 3.8±1.55, udder depth 4.9±1.67, teat placement rear view 5.0±1.40, fore teat length 4.0±1.84, rear udder width 3.5±1.74, thurl width 4.9±1.37, naval length 4.7±1.43, dewlap width 4.5±1.29, dewlap surface area 4.4±1.71 and dewlap visual score 2.2±0.74. Means for most of the linear type traits fall in intermediate category. Presently animals could be selected for increase in height, chest width, body depth, rump width, thurl width, rear udder width and central ligament.
Keywords | Sahiwal cattle, Type traits, Linear scoring, Linear score means, Pakistan
Editor | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
Received | May 27, 2015; Revised | June 27, 2015; Accepted | June 28, 2015; Published | June 02, 2015
*Correspondence | Musarrat Abbas Khan, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Email: drmusarratabbas@yahoo.com
Citation | Khan MA, Khan MS (2015). Development of linear score system for Sahiwal cows in Pakistan. J. Anim. Health Prod. 3(3): 59-63.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.3.59.63
ISSN | 2308–2801
Copyright © 2015 Khan and Khan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
INTRODUCTION
There are many characters that have been incorporated in selection indices in developed countries. Type is emphasized to varying degree in different type production indexes in different countries. Type is the word used literally to describe an animal in terms of conformation. Dairymen and livestock breeders usually try to seek best type cows and willing to pay more for these beautiful and functional animals (Hyatt et al., 1949; White, 1974).
Greater genetic progress can be attained by considering conformation and milk yield together while selecting for increased milk yield (Naidu, 1972). Selection for better type will increase strength, stamina and survival of dairy cows (Boettcher et al., 1993). Selection on linear type traits may improve functionally and longevity of the animal for dairy production (Harris et al., 1992). In an effort to breed dairy cattle to with stand the stress of high production over several lactations; dairy producers have often selected bulls based on transmitting abilities for various conformation traits. Herd life studies suggested that mammary traits, particularly udder depth, fore udder attachment and teat placement should be emphasized while selecting animals (Funk, 1993). The reliability of evaluation for herd life for young bulls was enhanced by considering conformation information on correlated traits that can be measured early in the life of bulls. Conformation traits have been used as indirect selection criteria for herd life (Vukasinovic et al., 2002). High yielding Holstein heifers had deeper udders and were more angular in dairy character (Brotherstone, 1994). High producing heifers would be taller, larger and longer than low producing heifers (Lin et al., 1987). It becomes evident from preceding discussion that type is important selection criteria to be considered for breeding livestock.
The Royal Jersey Agricultural Society drew up the first score card ever developed for evaluating type of Jersey cattle in 1834 (Copeland, 1964). Type classification has under gone various changes from a single total score to the most recent uniform functional type traits (UFTT) program. A type committee appointed by the National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB) in 1977 recommended this program. The new UFTT program that included 13 appraisal traits to supplement breeder association’s traditional final score was implemented in January (1980) by the Ayrshire, Guernsey and Jersey breed associations, in January (1981) by the Milking Shorthorn and Red and White breed associations and in January (1982) by the Brown Swiss Association. Holstein Breed Association implemented a similar program in January (1983). National Association of Animal breeders (NAAB) proposed scoring 14 traits on a 50-point basis with each trait being scored from one biological extreme to the other (Norman et al., 1983). The topic has been reviewed extensively (Bowden, 1982; Burnside et al., 1984). The means for type traits on 9 point scale has been reported for Czech Holstein cattle (Nemcova et al., 2011). The linear score system has been developed for Nili Ravi Buffaloes (Javed et al., 2013). The Sahiwal cattle in India have been appraised for linear type traits on a 9 point scale (Dubey et al., 2014).
The linear type trait scoring on Sahiwal cattle breed in Pakistan has not been made in the past. The objectives of the study were to develop standards for linear type traits for Sahiwal cattle breed. Secondly to describe the Sahiwal cattle in terms of linear score that how Sahiwal cattle looks like.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data Collection
The study was started at three herds of Sahiwal cattle in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Freshly calved cows were selected for linear scoring. Cows from lactation first to fifth were included in study. There were 310 lactating cows became available fulfilling said criterion. Measurements on body and udder traits were recorded at three stages of lactation (15 to 45 days, 90 to 120 days and 165 to 195 days after calving). The measurements were converted into class interval for assigning linear score. Each cow was assigned linear score thrice provided she remained in milk. Cows within 15 days after freshening were not entitled for scoring just to avoid error because of edematous swelling.
A specially designed proforma was used for recording measurements and for assigning linear score for traits scored visually. Major emphasis was laid on the 15 linear type traits approved as standard traits by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR, 2002). The following were traits: 1) stature, 2) chest width, 3) body depth,
Table 1: Linear score assignment basis for Sahiwal cattle
|
Score |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
|
Stature (cm) |
≤117 |
118-119 |
120-121 |
122-123 |
124-125 |
126-127 |
128-129 |
130-131 |
≥132 |
|
Chest width (cm) |
≤22 |
23-24 |
25-26 |
27-28 |
29-30 |
31-32 |
33-34 |
35-36 |
≥37 |
|
Body depth (cm) |
≤61 |
62-63 |
64-65 |
66-67 |
68-69 |
70-71 |
72-73 |
74-75 |
≥76 |
|
Angularity |
Visual score |
||||||||
|
Rump angle (degree) |
≤0 |
1-3 |
4-6 |
7-9 |
10-12 |
13-15 |
16-18 |
19-21 |
≥22 |
|
Rump width (cm) |
≤12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
≥20 |
|
Rear legs set (degree) |
≤158 |
159-160 |
161-162 |
163-164 |
165-166 |
167-168 |
169-170 |
171-172 |
≥173 |
|
Rear legs rear view |
Visual scoring |
||||||||
|
Foot angle (degree) |
≤36 |
37-39 |
40-42 |
43-45 |
46-48 |
49-51 |
52-54 |
55-57 |
≥58 |
|
Fore udder attachment |
Visual scoring |
||||||||
|
Rear udder height (cm) |
≥30 |
28-29 |
26-27 |
24-25 |
22-23 |
20-21 |
18-19 |
16-17 |
≤15 |
|
Central ligament (cm) |
≤1 |
1.5 |
2 |
2.5 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
≥7 |
|
Udder depth (cm) |
≤2 |
3-5 |
6-8 |
9-11 |
12-14 |
15-17 |
18-20 |
21-23 |
≥24 |
|
Teat placement rear view |
Visual scoring |
||||||||
|
Teat length (cm) |
≤5 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
≥12 |
|
Rear udder width (cm) |
≤6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
≥14 |
|
Thurl width (cm) |
≤35 |
36-37 |
38-39 |
40-41 |
42-43 |
44-45 |
46-47 |
48-49 |
≥50 |
|
Naval length (cm) |
≤5 |
6-7 |
8-9 |
10-11 |
12-13 |
14-15 |
16-17 |
18-19 |
≥20 |
|
Dewlap width (cm) |
≤9 |
10-11 |
12-13 |
14-15 |
16-17 |
18-19 |
20-21 |
22 |
≥23 |
|
Dewlap surface area (cm) |
≤395 |
401-475 |
476-550 |
551-625 |
626-700 |
701-775 |
776-850 |
851-921 |
≥922 |
|
Dewlap visual score |
Visual scoring |
||||||||
4) angularity, 5) rump angle, 6) rump width, 7) rear legs set, 8) rear legs rear view, 9) foot angle, 10) fore udder attachment, 11) rear udder height, 12) central ligament, 13) udder depth, 14) teat placement rear view, 15) fore teat length, 16) rear udder width and 17) thurl width, 18) naval length, 19) dewlap width, 20) dewlap surface area and 21) dewlap visual score. The traits including rear legs rear view, fore udder attachment and front teat placement were assigned objectively a linear score on a scale of 1-9 according to the procedures outlined for conformation recording by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR, 2002). Dewlap of each cow was visually scored into three categories (dewlap with light skin folds, intermediate skin folds and heavy skin folds). However subjective measurements were recorded for all other traits with different tools like height gauge, callipers, vernier calliper, ruler, compass, protractor and cloth tape. Traits were recorded in nearest centimetres.
Assignment of Linear Score
Keeping in view, the biological extremes of measurement traits a class interval was constructed for each trait (Table 1). Traits were assigned linear score on a scale of 1-9 in the light of these class intervals.
Statistical Analysis
The ASReml (Version 2.0), was the statistical package used (Gilmour et al., 2007). The least square means for linear type traits were obtained after fitting fixed effect model. The linear model included fixed effects of herd, parity and stage of lactation at classification. The age of cow at classification was used as co-variable.
The reduced model assumed the following statistical expression after excluding linear and quadratic effect of age of cow at classification being non-significant in initial analysis:
Yijkl =µ + Hi + Pj + Tk + eijkl
Where
µ= overall mean
Hi = effect of ith herd (1-3)
Pj = effect of jth parity (1-2)
Tk = effect of kth stage of lactation (1-3)
aijkl = age of cow at classification
eijkl = random error associated with each observation
RESULTS
Descriptive Statistics of Linear Type Traits
The means, minimum and maximum along with standard deviations are presented in Table 2. The linear score for most of the traits fall in intermediate range. The mean linear scores were for stature 5.1±2.0, chest width 4.4±1.53, body depth 4.8±1.92, angularity 5.1±1.1, rump angle 5.2±1.56, rump width 4.7±1.46, rear legs set 4.9±1.71, rear legs rear view 4.3±1.77, foot angle 5.3±1.89, fore udder attachment 4.5±1.77, rear udder height 5.1±1.25, central ligament 3.8±1.55, udder depth 4.9±1.67, teat placement rear view 5.0±1.40, fore teat length 4.0±1.84, rear udder width 3.5±1.74, thurl width 4.9±1.37, naval length 4.7±1.43, dewlap width 4.5±1.29, dewlap surface area 4.4±1.71 and dewlap visual score 2.2±0.74, respectively.
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of linear type traits for Sahiwal cattle
|
Traits |
Min |
Mean |
Max |
Standard Deviation |
|
Stature |
1 |
5.1 |
9 |
2.00 |
|
Chest Width |
1 |
4.4 |
9 |
1.53 |
|
Body Depth |
1 |
4.8 |
9 |
1.92 |
|
Angularity |
1 |
5.1 |
9 |
1.81 |
|
Rump Angle |
1 |
5.2 |
9 |
1.56 |
|
Rump Width |
1 |
4.7 |
9 |
1.46 |
|
Rear Leg Set |
1 |
4.9 |
9 |
1.71 |
|
Rear Legs Rear View |
1 |
4.3 |
9 |
1.77 |
|
Foot Angle |
1 |
5.3 |
9 |
1.89 |
|
Fore Udder Attachment |
1 |
4.5 |
9 |
1.77 |
|
Rear Udder Height |
1 |
5.1 |
9 |
1.25 |
|
Central Ligament |
1 |
3.8 |
9 |
1.55 |
|
Udder Depth |
1 |
4.9 |
9 |
1.67 |
|
Teat placement rear view |
1 |
5.0 |
9 |
1.40 |
|
Fore teat Length |
1 |
4.0 |
9 |
1.84 |
|
Rear Udder Width |
1 |
3.5 |
9 |
1.74 |
|
Thurl Width |
1 |
4.9 |
9 |
1.37 |
|
Naval length |
1 |
4.7 |
9 |
1.43 |
|
Dewlap width |
1 |
4.5 |
9 |
1.29 |
|
Dewlap surface area |
1 |
4.4 |
9 |
1.71 |
|
Dewlap visual score† |
1 |
2.2 |
3 |
0.74 |
† Scored on a scale of 1-3
Classification of Sahiwal Cattle for Linear Type Traits
How the Sahiwal cows included in present study look like is presented in Table 3. For most of the linear type traits, Sahiwal cows were classified in intermediate range. The cows were in intermediate category for stature, chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle, rump width, rear legs set, rear legs rear view, foot angle and thurl width. The cows were possessing acceptable score for fore udder attachment, very low height at rear attachment, slight definition at central ligament, udder was set above hocks, rear udder was not very wide and teats of medium length were placed at middle of quarter.
Table 3: Classification of Sahiwal cattle for linear type traits
|
Traits |
Mean±SD |
Measurement (cm) |
Description |
|
Stature |
5.1±2.0 |
124-125 |
Intermediate height at spine in between hooks |
|
Chest Width |
4.4±1.53 |
27-28 |
Intermediate neither wide nor narrow |
|
Body Depth |
4.82±1.92 |
67-68 |
Intermediate neither deep nor shallow |
|
Angularity |
5.1±1.81 |
- |
Intermediate |
|
Rump Angle |
5.2±1.56 |
10-12* |
Intermediate slope from hooks to pins |
|
Rump Width |
4.7±1.46 |
16 |
Intermediate |
|
Rear Leg Set |
4.9±1.71 |
165-166* |
Intermediate neither sickled nor straight |
|
Rear Legs Rear View |
4.3±1.77 |
- |
Intermediate toes slightly inclined to outward |
|
Foot Angle |
5.3±1.89 |
46-48* |
Intermediate |
|
Fore Udder Attachment |
4.5±1.77 |
- |
Intermediate/acceptable |
|
Rear Udder Height |
3.3±1.25 |
24-25 |
Very low |
|
Central Ligament |
3.8±1.55 |
2.5 |
Intermediate slight definition |
|
Udder Depth |
4.9±1.67 |
12.14 |
Intermediate set above hock |
|
Teat placement rear view |
5.0±1.40 |
- |
Teats placed at middle of quarters |
|
Fore teat length |
4.0±1.84 |
7 |
Intermediate |
|
Rear Udder Width |
3.5±1.74 |
9 |
Not very wide |
|
Thurl Width |
4.9±1.37 |
42-43 |
Intermediate width at thurl position |
|
Naval length |
4.7±1.43 |
12-13 |
Intermediate |
|
Dewlap width |
4.5±1.29 |
15-16 |
Intermediate |
|
Dewlap surface area |
4.4±1.71 |
551-625 |
Intermediate |
|
Dewlap visual score† |
2.2±0.74 |
- |
Intermediate |
† Scored on a scale of 1-3; *= angle in degree
DISCUSSION
The linear type scores for most of the traits tended to follow normal distribution. Linear score for central ligament however deviated from normal distribution. As linear score was based on measurement of groove at the base of udder in between rear teats. Peculiar structure at base of teats of Sahiwal cattle was a source of disturbance for measurement. That might have affected accuracy of linear score assignment. The maximum cluster of animals for teat length and rear udder width at linear score 3 indicated that most of Sahiwal cows were not very wider at rear udder position and were possessing fore teats that were not very long. Most of the cows were found in category of narrow to intermediate for chest width. The linear score on 9 point scale for Indian Sahiwal were more or less same for most of linear type traits as for this study. The linear score for stature 6.88, chest width 5.30, rump width 5.09 and teat length 6.92 were slightly higher for Indian Sahiwal. Whereas the linear score for body depth 4.11, Rump Angle 4.27 for Indian Sahiwal were lower than current study findings (Dubey et al., 2014). Although the linear score for bone structure traits could not be compared across breeds because of breed differences. However the linear type traits score on 9 point scale for Czech Holstein were higher than current study findings for most of traits. The mean linear score for central ligament 5.7, udder depth 5.8 and rear udder width 5.3 in Czech Holstein (Němcova et al., 2011) were very high as compared to current study finding. It means that Czech Holsteins possess strong central ligament, have deep udder and wide rear udder than Sahiwal cows included in current study. Several other studies have reported linear score for different breeds on a 50 point scale (50-99). Although 50 point scale has less logic to compare with 9 point scale, even though we could have some insight from such information. The linear score of stature 91.7 (score is on extreme side) for Tharparkar cattle (Vij et al., 1990) indicates that Tharparkar cows are taller than Sahiwal cows which is evident from the mean score of stature as 5.1. This score lies in between the biological extremes. However linear score of stature for Tharparkar cattle is on higher side of biological extreme. The mean score of stature 73.3 for Indian Sahiwal (Dahiya, 2005a) indicates that Indian Sahiwal were shorter in height at spine than Sahiwal cattle in current study. Because linear score for Indian Sahiwal is slightly less than midpoint of biological extremes, whereas score 5.1 for Sahiwal in current study is slightly higher than midpoint. The linear score for Hariana cows (Dahiya, 2005b) follow the same pattern as for Sahiwal in current study.
CONCLUSIONS
Means for most of the linear type traits fall in intermediate category. There is much scope for improvement of traits related to size. Presently animals can be selected for increase in height at spine, chest width, body depth, rump width, thurl width, rear udder width and central ligament.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The financial support by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for this study is duly accredited. The facilitation extended by Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab to complete this study is highly acknowledged.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We want to make it clear that there is no conflict of interest with any of the financial organization regarding the material discussed in the current manuscript.
Auhtor’s Contribution
The present paper is part of Ph.D study of corresponding author (Musarrat Abbas Khan). Whereas the second author (Muhammad Sajjad Khan) worked as supervisor of Ph.D scholar.
REFERENCES
